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Extraordinary rendition, also called irregular rendition, is the government sponsored abduction and extrajudicial transfer of a person from one country to another. In the United States, the first well-known rendition case was that of an airline hijacker abducted in Italy and brought to the U.S. for trial, authorized by President Ronald Reagan. President Bill Clinton authorized extraordinary rendition to nations known to practice torture, called torture by proxy. The administration of President George W. Bush, "renditioned" hundreds of so-called "illegal combatants" (often never charged with any crime) for torture by proxy, and to US controlled sites for an extensive, advanced interrogation operation program under the euphemism enhanced interrogation.〔Bush administration increased renditions * *Greenwald, Glenn. ( Senate Report Links Bush to Detainee Homicides; Media Yawns ), Salon.com, December 15, 2008. *("Senate Panel's Report Links Detainees’ Murders to Bush's Torture Policy" ) ''The Public Record'', April 30, 2009. *Barnes, Greg and Miller, Julian. ("Senate Report Says Rumsfeld to Blame for Detainee Abuse" ) ''Los Angeles Times'', September 12, 2008.〕 Extraordinary rendition continued with reduced frequency in the Obama administration: instead of subjecting them to advanced interrogation methods, most of those abducted have been conventionally interrogated and subsequently taken to the US for trial.〔Obama administration renditions * * *〕 Extraordinary rendition remains a clear violation of international law. The United Nations considers one nation abducting the citizens of another a crime against humanity. Abduction has also been a recognized casus belli (justification for war) in the Western tradition since Helen of Troy. In July 2014 the European Court of Human Rights condemned the government of Poland for participating in CIA extraordinary rendition, ordering Poland to pay restitution to men who had been abducted, taken to a CIA black site in Poland, and tortured. Overall, 54 countries are known to have been involved with US extraordinary renditions.〔 ==Background== By 2004, critics alleged that torture was used against subjects with the knowledge or acquiescence of the United States (a transfer of anyone to anywhere for the purpose of torture is a violation of US law).〔〔(America's gulag ). By Stephen Grey. 17 May 2004. ''New Statesman''.〕 In addition, some former detainees claimed to have been transferred to other countries for interrogation under torture, such as the Australian citizen Mamdouh Habib. In December 2005 Condoleezza Rice (then the United States Secretary of State) stated that:〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/57602.htm )〕 the United States has not transported anyone, and will not transport anyone, to a country when we believe he will be tortured. Where appropriate, the United States seeks assurances that transferred persons will not be tortured. From 2001 to 2005 CIA officers captured an estimated 150 people and transported them around the world.〔Charlie Savage, ("Obama’s War on Terror May Resemble Bush’s in Some Areas" ), ''The New York Times,'' 17 February 2009, Retrieved 2 January 2010〕〔"(Background Paper on CIA's Combined Use of Interrogation Techniques )". 30 December 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2010.〕〔"(New CIA Docs Detail Brutal 'Extraordinary Rendition' Process )". ''Huffington Post''. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.〕〔(Fact sheet: Extraordinary rendition ), American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 29 March 2007 〕 Under the Bush administration, rendered persons were reported to have undergone torture by the receiving countries. Journalists, civil and constitutional rights groups, and former detainees have alleged that this occurred with the knowledge or cooperation of the administrations of the United States and the United Kingdom. The revelations about the US program prompted several official investigations in Europe into alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. A June 2006 report from the Council of Europe estimated 100 people had been kidnapped by the CIA on EU territory (with the cooperation of Council of Europe members), and rendered to other countries, often after having transited through secret detention centers ("black sites") used by the CIA, some located in Europe. According to the separate European Parliament report of February 2007, the CIA has conducted 1,245 flights, many of them to destinations where suspects could face torture, in violation of article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture.〔 (Resolution 1507 (2006). ) Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers of detainees involving Council of Europe member states]〕 A large majority of the European Union Parliament endorsed the report's conclusion that many member states tolerated illegal actions by the CIA, and criticized several European governments and intelligence agencies for their unwillingness to cooperate with the investigation. Within days of his inauguration in 2009, US President Barack Obama signed an Executive Order opposing rendition torture and established a task force to provide recommendations about processes to prevent rendition torture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ensuring Lawful Interrogations | The White House )〕 While the Obama administration has distanced itself from some of the harshest counter-terrorism techniques, it has also said that at least some forms of renditions will continue.〔"(Obama preserves renditions as counter-terrorism tool )". ''LA Times'' 1 February 2009. Access 21 November 2011.〕 As of 2011, the administration allowed rendition only "to a country with jurisdiction over that individual (for prosecution of that individual)," when there is a diplomatic assurance "that they will not be treated inhumanely."〔 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url = http://www.propublica.org/blog/item/as-rendition-controversy-reemerges-obama-admin-policies-murky ) Panetta's clarification of current US "Rendition policy". 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「extraordinary rendition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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